Operating System
OS Part-1
OS Part-2
- File Concepts and Access methods
- Free Space Management and Allocation methods
- Directory Systems and Protection
- File Organization, Sharing and Implementation issues
- Disk and Drum Scheduling
- I/O Devices Organisation & I/O Buffering
- I/O Hardware, Kernel I/O subsystem and Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
- Device Drivers and Path Management
- Device Driver Sub Modules and Procedure
- Device Scheduler and Handler
- Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
- File System in Linux and Windows
OS Part-3
- Process and Process Control Block(PCB)
- Process Scheduling( Preemptive and Non Preemptive)
- Scheduling Algorithms
- Algorithm Evaluation
- Multiple Processor Scheduling
- Real Time Scheduling
- Operations on Processes
- Threads
- Inter-Process Communication
- Precedence Graphs
- Critical Section Problem
- Semaphores
- Classical Problems of Synchronization
- DeadLock
- Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance
- Deadlock Detection and Recovery
- Process Management in Linux
OS Part-4
- Memory Hierarchy in OS
- Concepts of Memory Management
- MFT and MVT
- Logical and Physical Address Space
- Swapping
- Contiguous and Non Contiguous Memory Allocation
- Paging
- Segmentation
- Paging Combined with Segmentation
- Structure and Implementation of Page Table
- Virtual Memory in OS
- Cache Memory Organization
- Demand Paging
- Page Replacement Algorithms
- Allocation of Frames and Thrashing
- Demand Segmentation
OS Part-5
- Distributed Operating System: Introduction and Types
- Distributed OS: Design Issues
- Distributed OS: File System
- Distributed OS: Remote File Access
- Remote Procedure Call(RPC)
- Remote Method Invocation(RMI)
- Distributed Shared Memory
- Parallel Processing and Concurrent Programming
- Security and Threats Protection in Distributed OS
- Security Design Principles and Authentication in Distributed OS
- Sensor Network and Parallel OS
Distributed Operating System: Introduction aur Types
Introduction to Distributed Operating System
Distributed Operating System (DOS) ek aisa OS hai jo multiple interconnected computers pe run karta hai, lekin user ko ek single system jaisa dikhai deta hai. Ye system resource sharing, fault tolerance, aur performance ko improve karta hai.
Distributed OS ke Key Features:
Transparency: User ko ek single system ka experience hota hai. Resource Sharing: Files, printers, CPU power share karne ki suvidha milti hai. Scalability: System me naye computers easily add kiye ja sakte hain. Fault Tolerance: Ek node fail hone pe bhi system kaam karta hai. Concurrency: Multiple processes ek saath run kar sakti hain.
Types of Distributed Operating Systems
1. Network Operating System (NOS)
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Har system apna OS run karta hai, lekin network ke through communication hoti hai.
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User ko har system pe separately login karna padta hai.
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Examples: Windows Server, UNIX, Linux.
Diagram:
Har system ka apna OS hota hai, jo network layer se communicate karta hai.
2. Multiprocessor Operating System
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Multiple CPUs ek hi OS aur memory share karte hain.
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Performance aur reliability better hoti hai.
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Examples: Linux SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing), Windows Multiprocessor OS.
Diagram:
Saare CPUs ek hi memory aur OS ko share karte hain.
3. Clustered Operating System
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Multiple systems ek saath milke ek unit ki tarah kaam karte hain.
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High Availability (HA) aur Load Balancing provide karta hai.
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Examples: IBM AIX, Microsoft Windows Server Cluster.
Diagram:
Agar ek node fail ho jaye to doosra workload handle kar leta hai.
4. Real-Time Distributed Operating System
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Real-time applications ke liye use hota hai jaise aerospace, medical systems, etc.
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Instant data processing karta hai.
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Examples: QNX, RTLinux.
Diagram:
[Sensor] → [Real-Time OS] → [Control System] → [Actuator]
System quick response deta hai aur delays avoid karta hai.
Conclusion
Distributed OS performance, reliability, aur scalability improve karta hai, jo ki modern computing ke liye bahut zaroori hai.