Operating System
OS Part-1
OS Part-2
- File Concepts and Access methods
- Free Space Management and Allocation methods
- Directory Systems and Protection
- File Organization, Sharing and Implementation issues
- Disk and Drum Scheduling
- I/O Devices Organisation & I/O Buffering
- I/O Hardware, Kernel I/O subsystem and Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
- Device Drivers and Path Management
- Device Driver Sub Modules and Procedure
- Device Scheduler and Handler
- Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
- File System in Linux and Windows
OS Part-3
- Process and Process Control Block(PCB)
- Process Scheduling( Preemptive and Non Preemptive)
- Scheduling Algorithms
- Algorithm Evaluation
- Multiple Processor Scheduling
- Real Time Scheduling
- Operations on Processes
- Threads
- Inter-Process Communication
- Precedence Graphs
- Critical Section Problem
- Semaphores
- Classical Problems of Synchronization
- DeadLock
- Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance
- Deadlock Detection and Recovery
- Process Management in Linux
OS Part-4
- Memory Hierarchy in OS
- Concepts of Memory Management
- MFT and MVT
- Logical and Physical Address Space
- Swapping
- Contiguous and Non Contiguous Memory Allocation
- Paging
- Segmentation
- Paging Combined with Segmentation
- Structure and Implementation of Page Table
- Virtual Memory in OS
- Cache Memory Organization
- Demand Paging
- Page Replacement Algorithms
- Allocation of Frames and Thrashing
- Demand Segmentation
OS Part-5
- Distributed Operating System: Introduction and Types
- Distributed OS: Design Issues
- Distributed OS: File System
- Distributed OS: Remote File Access
- Remote Procedure Call(RPC)
- Remote Method Invocation(RMI)
- Distributed Shared Memory
- Parallel Processing and Concurrent Programming
- Security and Threats Protection in Distributed OS
- Security Design Principles and Authentication in Distributed OS
- Sensor Network and Parallel OS
File System in Linux & Windows
1. File System Kya Hota Hai?
File System ek method hota hai jisme OS (Operating System) data ko store, organize aur retrieve karta hai. Ye files ko folders me arrange karta hai aur metadata (file size, type, permissions) store karta hai.
Example: Jab aap ek document save karte ho, toh file system decide karta hai ki wo hard drive ke kis part me store hoga aur jab zaroorat ho toh kaise access kiya jayega.
File System Ke Important Functions:
Storage Management – Data ko efficiently store karna. File Naming – Different file extensions aur names support karna. Security & Permissions – User access control manage karna. Data Organization – Folders aur directories ka use karke structured storage provide karna.
2. Windows ka File System
Windows NTFS, FAT32 aur exFAT file systems use karta hai.
NTFS (New Technology File System)
Bade file sizes ko support karta hai (16 Exabytes tak). Security aur encryption provide karta hai. Journaling feature hota hai jo data corruption ko rokta hai. Compression & Quotas ka support hota hai jo storage management me help karta hai.
Example: Windows Me File Storage Kaise Hota Hai?
C:\Users\John\Documents\report.docx
Yahaan:
-
C:\→ Root directory hai. -
Users\John\Documents\→ Folder hierarchy hai. -
report.docx→ File ka naam hai.
FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32-bit)
Almost sabhi devices ke saath compatible hai. 4GB se badi files store nahi kar sakta. Old systems aur USB drives me use hota hai.
exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table)
External drives ke liye best hai. FAT32 se better hai kyunki ye badi files support karta hai. Windows aur macOS dono me work karta hai.
3. Linux ka File System
Linux me multiple file systems available hote hain jaise EXT4, XFS, Btrfs.
EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)
Most Linux distributions ka default file system hai. Journaling feature hota hai jo data corruption se bachaata hai. 16TB tak ki files support karta hai. Performance FAT32 aur NTFS se better hai.
Example: Linux Me File Storage Kaise Hota Hai?
/home/user/Documents/report.docx
Yahaan:
-
/→ Root directory hai. -
/home/user/Documents/→ Folder hierarchy hai. -
report.docx→ File ka naam hai.
XFS (High-Performance File System)
Large data processing ke liye best hai. Mostly enterprise servers me use hota hai.
Btrfs (B-Tree File System)
Snapshots aur backup management support karta hai. Data integrity aur error checking ke liye bana hai.
4. Windows vs Linux File Systems (Differences)
| Feature | Windows (NTFS) | Linux (EXT4) |
|---|---|---|
| Speed | Moderate | Fast |
| Security | Encryption & permissions | Advanced permissions (Read, Write, Execute) |
| Journaling | Yes | Yes |
| File Naming | Case-insensitive (File.txt = file.txt) |
Case-sensitive (File.txt ≠ file.txt) |
| Compatibility | Works mainly with Windows | Linux me work karta hai, Windows par bhi special tools se access ho sakta hai |
| Performance | General users ke liye acha hai | Multi-user environments ke liye optimized hai |
5. File Access Kaise Hota Hai?
Windows Me File Access (NTFS Permissions)
-
Read (
R) – File read kar sakte ho. -
Write (
W) – File me changes kar sakte ho. -
Execute (
X) – Executable files run kar sakte ho.
Linux Me File Access (EXT4 Permissions)
Linux me file permissions 3 users ke basis par set hoti hain:
Owner (file create karne wala user)
Group (jo users us file group me hote hain)
Others (baaki sab log jo owner ya group me nahi hain)
Linux me permissions 3-number system me define hoti hain:
-
rwx(Owner → Read, Write, Execute kar sakta hai) -
r-x(Group → Read aur Execute kar sakta hai) -
r--(Others → Sirf Read kar sakte hain)
Example: Linux Me File Permissions Change Karna
-
Owner (7) → Full access (Read, Write, Execute)
-
Group (5) → Read & Execute
-
Others (5) → Read-only
6. Conclusion
Windows NTFS, FAT32 aur exFAT support karta hai, jabki Linux EXT4, XFS aur Btrfs use karta hai. NTFS security aur encryption features provide karta hai, jabki EXT4 performance aur reliability ke liye best hai. Windows ka file system case-insensitive hota hai (file.txt = File.txt), jabki Linux case-sensitive hota hai (file.txt ≠ File.txt). Linux file system advanced file permissions aur flexibility provide karta hai.