Operating System
OS Part-1
OS Part-2
- File Concepts and Access methods
- Free Space Management and Allocation methods
- Directory Systems and Protection
- File Organization, Sharing and Implementation issues
- Disk and Drum Scheduling
- I/O Devices Organisation & I/O Buffering
- I/O Hardware, Kernel I/O subsystem and Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
- Device Drivers and Path Management
- Device Driver Sub Modules and Procedure
- Device Scheduler and Handler
- Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
- File System in Linux and Windows
OS Part-3
- Process and Process Control Block(PCB)
- Process Scheduling( Preemptive and Non Preemptive)
- Scheduling Algorithms
- Algorithm Evaluation
- Multiple Processor Scheduling
- Real Time Scheduling
- Operations on Processes
- Threads
- Inter-Process Communication
- Precedence Graphs
- Critical Section Problem
- Semaphores
- Classical Problems of Synchronization
- DeadLock
- Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance
- Deadlock Detection and Recovery
- Process Management in Linux
OS Part-4
- Memory Hierarchy in OS
- Concepts of Memory Management
- MFT and MVT
- Logical and Physical Address Space
- Swapping
- Contiguous and Non Contiguous Memory Allocation
- Paging
- Segmentation
- Paging Combined with Segmentation
- Structure and Implementation of Page Table
- Virtual Memory in OS
- Cache Memory Organization
- Demand Paging
- Page Replacement Algorithms
- Allocation of Frames and Thrashing
- Demand Segmentation
OS Part-5
- Distributed Operating System: Introduction and Types
- Distributed OS: Design Issues
- Distributed OS: File System
- Distributed OS: Remote File Access
- Remote Procedure Call(RPC)
- Remote Method Invocation(RMI)
- Distributed Shared Memory
- Parallel Processing and Concurrent Programming
- Security and Threats Protection in Distributed OS
- Security Design Principles and Authentication in Distributed OS
- Sensor Network and Parallel OS
Types of Operating System
Operating Systems (OS) alag-alag types ke hote hain jo kaam karne ke tarike aur system resources manage karne ke base par classify kiye jate hain.
1. Bare Machine OS
2. Batch Processing OS
3. Real-Time OS
4. Multitasking & Multiprogramming OS
5. Time-Sharing OS
Chalo in sabhi ko detail me samajhte hain.
1. Bare Machine OS
Bare Machine OS Kya Hota Hai?
Yeh ek basic operating system hai jo directly hardware par kaam karta hai bina kisi user-friendly interface ke.
Zyada tar embedded systems, firmware, aur boot loaders me use hota hai.
Users low-level machine code ya simple command-line se interact karte hain.
Example:
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) jo computer boot hone se pehle chalta hai.
Embedded Systems jaise Washing Machine, ATM Machine, Microwave Oven.
Diagram:
Isme koi graphical interface ya advanced features nahi hote.
2. Batch Processing OS
Batch Processing OS Kya Hota Hai?
Is type ke OS me jobs ko ek saath (batch) me group karke execute kiya jata hai.
Mainframe computers me use hota hai jisme bina manual interaction ke large data process hota hai.
Jobs ek queue me store hoti hain aur ek ek karke execute hoti hain.
Example:
Bank transactions processing (Daily end par sare transactions process hote hain).
Payroll Processing System (Salaries calculate karna).
Diagram:
Advantages:
Automatic processing bina human interaction ke. Efficient agar repetitive tasks hain.
Disadvantages:
No real-time interaction, ek baar job submit hone ke baad wait karna padta hai. Debugging difficult hota hai, kyunki execution ek sequence me hota hai.
3. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS Kya Hota Hai?
Yeh OS fixed time constraints ke andar tasks execute karta hai.
Industrial automation, medical devices, aur aerospace systems me use hota hai jisme timing critical hoti hai.
Types of RTOS:
1. Hard Real-Time OS:
Strict time limit hota hai.
Example: Pacemaker, Missile Control System.
2. Soft Real-Time OS:
Thodi delay allow hoti hai, but minimum honi chahiye.
Example: Online Video Streaming, Gaming.
Example:
Autopilot in airplanes – Plane ko instantly inputs ka response dena hota hai.
Robotic arms in manufacturing – Timing ka perfect hona zaroori hai.
Diagram:
Advantages:
Fast response aur high reliability. Best for time-sensitive applications.
Disadvantages:
High processing power required hoti hai. Design aur implementation complex hota hai.
4. Multitasking & Multiprogramming OS
Multitasking OS Kya Hota Hai?
Is OS me multiple tasks ek saath chal sakte hain aur CPU fast switching karta hai taaki users ko lage ki sab kuch simultaneously ho raha hai.
Example: Windows, Linux, macOS – jisme tum ek saath video dekh sakte ho, browser use kar sakte ho aur file download bhi kar sakte ho.
Diagram (Multitasking):
Multiprogramming OS Kya Hota Hai?
Multiprogramming OS me multiple programs memory me load hote hain, aur CPU unme se kisi ek ko execute karta hai taaki idle time minimize ho.
CPU idle nahi hota, hamesha kisi na kisi task par kaam kar raha hota hai.
Example:
ATM System – Multiple users ek saath transaction kar sakte hain.
Web Servers – Multiple clients ek saath request bhej sakte hain.
Diagram (Multiprogramming):
Advantages:
CPU ka maximum utilization hota hai. Multiple processes efficiently handle hoti hain.
Disadvantages:
More RAM required hoti hai taaki multiple programs memory me fit ho sakein. Context switching slow kar sakta hai performance.
5. Time-Sharing Operating System
Time-Sharing OS Kya Hota Hai?
Is OS me multiple users ek saath ek hi system use kar sakte hain, aur sabko fixed time slot (time quantum) milta hai.
CPU fast switching karta hai taaki sabko lage ki unka process ek saath chal raha hai.
Example:
Unix servers jo multiple users ko support karte hain.
Cloud Computing Systems jo ek hi hardware par multiple users ko service provide karte hain.
Diagram (Time-Sharing Process):
Sabhi users ko equal CPU time milta hai.
Advantages:
Multiple users ek saath kaam kar sakte hain. CPU wastage avoid hoti hai.
Disadvantages:
Zyada users hone par system slow ho sakta hai. Fast CPU switching aur scheduling algorithms chahiye.
Summary Table
| Type of OS | Key Feature | Example Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Bare Machine OS | Direct hardware control | BIOS, Embedded Systems |
| Batch Processing OS | Jobs batch me execute hote hain | Payroll, Bank Transactions |
| Real-Time OS | Fixed time constraints | Autopilot, Industrial Robots |
| Multitasking OS | Multiple tasks ek saath | Windows, Linux |
| Multiprogramming OS | CPU maximum utilize hota hai | Servers, ATMs |
| Time-Sharing OS | Multiple users ek saath CPU share karte hain | Unix, Cloud Computing |